The Verjuy Temple is a monument of uncertain pre-Islamic chronology, with subsequent additions attributed to the Ilkhanid Mongol period, located in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. The temple forms part of a complex of subterranean structures excavated directly into the bedrock. This study aims to conduct a structural characterization and to identify the chromatic materials present within the composition of the mortar layers, as well as to investigate the pigments used in the epigraphic architectural elements of the rock-cut Verjuy complex in the city of Maragheh. Laboratory analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), were performed on samples collected from the identified stratigraphic layers of the main "Chilla-khaneh" of the temple. Based on the results of these compositional analyses, the data related to the different types of mortar employed in the rock-cut architecture of Verjuy were analyzed and compared with the geological bedrock. For the first time, this study provides evidence for the use of color based on structural and material characterization in the rock-cut architecture of the Sahand foothills. The findings indicate that iron oxide was used as the primary red pigment, while carbon-based soot served as the black pigment in the Verjuy Temple.